TOOL HAZARDS AND SAFETY

Hand Tools

• Hand tools are the wrenches, hammers, screwdrivers and other devices used by personnel performing adjustments, or repairs on facility equipment. Because hand tools are the devices most frequently used, it is important to the safety of the user that Safety Requirements are learned and followed.
• Safety Requirements are:
  • Employees must use only tools and equipment furnished or approved by the Steam Plant tool room or the Physical Facilities Department tool crib.
  • Tools must be unbroken, in good condition and suitable for the job.
  • Tools and equipment must be inspected before and during use for flaws and defects.
  • Defective tools or equipment must not be used, tagged so that others know they cannot be used, and turned into the tool room or shift supervisor.
  • Tools stocked in the tool room must not be placed in service until they have been inspected and determined to be in good condition.

Impact Tools

• Impact tools include chisels, hammers, star drills, and wedges. They are normally used by striking them with a hammer. If the impact portion (head) of the tool "mushrooms" there is danger of pieces or metal breaking off and flying into the user's face.
• When impact tools with mushroomed heads are used, the risk of the hammer "glancing off" and hitting the hand or arm of the user is much greater.
• Prolonged use of an impact tool could have an adverse effect on hearing.
• Safety Requirements are:
  • Impact tools with mushroomed heads must not be used. The tools must be either "dressed" before use or another tool obtained.
  • A drill, bar, or chisel being struck by a sledge hammer must be held by a device such as a tool holder and not held by the bare hand.
  • The person grasping the tool holder must wear gloved and safety goggles, and be positioned to the side of the striking force.
  • Persons using impact tools for prolonged periods must wear hearing protection.

Wood Handled Tools

• Hammers, picks, axes and other tools that are swung have the danger of the head separating from the handle and striking another person.
• Another danger of using wood handled tools is that the handle may slip from the hand of the user and strike another person.
• To minimize the risk of slippage, grip the handle firmly and be sure to keep the handle free of oil grease or perspiration. Keep other persons clear of the area where tools are being swung.
• Safety Requirement is:
  • Wood handled tools must not be used if the handle is loosened, cracked or splintered.

Wrenches

• Risk in the use of wrenches is that the wrench will slip when pressure is being applied. Such slippage can result in scraped, cut or broken fingers.
• Because of the likelihood of overstressing equipment, distorting the wrench, or causing personal injury, extensions are not used on wrench handles to increase leverage unless the wrench is specifically designed for the use of an extension. If more leverage is required, consider the use of a larger size drive, a torque multiplier or a slugging wrench.
• Adjustable wrenches grip only two (2) flats and thus tend to slip as pressure is applied. When the wrench slips, it frequently "rounds" the nut or bolt head.
• To avoid "rounding" the flats on a nut or on a bolt head, wrenches that match the size of the nut or bolt head should be used. Socket wrenches, box wrenches, or open end wrenches are to be used in preference to adjustable (Crescent) wrenches.
• Safety Requirement is:
  • Wrenches that are worn, bent, distorted or that have adjustable jaws which are defective must not be used.

Cutting Tools

• Cutting tools are hand tools with sharpened edges such as knives, chisels or scrapers. Using, carrying or handling cutting tools entails the risk of cuts and puncture wounds.
• The sharp edge or point of cutting tools should be protected by a sheath or cover when not in use. The sheath or cover prevents skin cuts and reduces the chance of damage to the cutting edge.
• Cutting work should be done in such a manner that the cutting force is away from the user's body or extremities. When cutting insulation from electric cables, the cable should be placed on a hard, flat surface with the cutting motion being away from the user. The same cutting motion should be applied to the cutting of rope.
• Metal and wood files normally have a sharp, tapered end designed to accept a wood handle. To avoid injury to the hands, such files and other tools with pointed tongs are to be equipped with suitable handles during use.

Drift Pins

• A drift pin is a tapered metal pin frequently used to align the bolt holes in the two metal plates, valve castings or other heavy parts. If a finger is used to align the bolt holes a sudden shift in one of the parts can have a guillotine effect.
• Safety Requirement is:
  • A drift pin or other special tools must be used for alignment work. Do not use fingers to perform this task.

Securing Work

• When working "in the field" or on equipment in an isolated area, it may appear expeditious to perform cutting, grinding or scraping operations without securely holding the piece being worked on. When the work object is unsecured, the likelihood of injury is increased as the possibility of a slip, "walking grinder" or dropped work increases dramatically.
• To reduce the possibility of the work object slipping and resulting in injury, either obtain the assistance of another person or use a device such as a clamp, fixture, or vice. A vice, clamp or other similar fixture should be used to secure the work object when using a grinder, file, chisel, saw or other type of tool.

Slagging Bars

• Slagging bars are used to dislodge slag from boiler furnace walls, hanging tubes and ash hopper slopes. Slagging bars are also used to move clinkers and slag from the boiler.
• When using slagging bars, personnel should be aware that a piece of falling slag could cause the bar to rapidly pivot upward.
• Keep the body and face clear of the slagging bar in the event that the bar pivots and kicks upward.
• Safety Requirement is:
  • Safety goggles, hard hat, face shield and long-sleeved shirts are to be worn during slagging operations.

PORTABLE ELECTRIC DEVICES

• Portable electric equipment includes extension cords, electric powered tools (drills, impact wrenches, grinders, etc.), portable flood lights, troubles lights, heat lamps and portable electric equipment (pumps, fans, etc.).
• To accomplish "work in the field" on isolated equipment, or within tanks and boilers, it is necessary to bring electrically powered devices to the work location.
• Adequate illumination is necessary to perform work safely, hence portable lights are frequently required in boilers, condensers, tanks or outdoors at night.
• Some spaces, such as the following, may represent explosion or fire hazards.
• Rooms containing quantities of combustible coal dust such as coal bunkers or conveyor enclosures.
• Spaces where combustible vapors (fuel tanks, oil reservoirs, etc.) may be present
• Some work locations are moist, may contain standing or running water, or have the potential for water spray. The danger of electric shock exists when portable electric devices are used in these locations.
• Portable electric devices can be used in moist locations provided the power source is low voltage (12 volts or less). Power sources up to one hundred twenty volts (120v) can be used if ground fault interrupter overcurrent protection is provided in the circuit.
• Power supplies above one hundred twenty volts (120V) cannot be used in moist work locations without special safety provisions and supervisory authorization.
• Safety Requirements are:
  • Portable electrical equipment and lamps used when working inside wet or grounded equipment such as condensers, boiler drums, tanks and feedwater heaters are limited to those with a power source twelve volts (12V) or less.
  • Portable electric cords, power tools and lighting must be of the non-sparking, explosion-proof type when used in an atmosphere that could be a fire or explosion hazard.
  • Temporary electric service (such as in a boiler, condenser or tank) must have proper fuse or circuit breaker protection, and must not be directly connected to a power source.
  • Portable extension cords must be of the three-wire grounded type.
  • Portable lighting equipment must have all exposed metal parts grounded. Grounds must be established by a separate non-current carrying, ground conductor.
  • Damaged (crushed, bent prong, cut insulation, worn) cords or plugs must not be used.
  • Damaged electric plugs, cords, lights and tools must be returned to the tool room for repair or discarded.
  • Portable electric cords, cables and connectors must be protected from being cut or crushed by doors, vehicles or equipment. Particular attention should be given to situations where cables cross the path of heavy vehicles.
  • To avoid tripping hazards, cables and electric cords must be suspended overhead, fastened along the lower portion of handrails, or marked with a sign or black and yellow safety tape.
  • NOTE: Portable electrical equipment with a power source above twelve (12V) and up to one hundred twenty volts (120V) may be used in wet or grounded locations provided that ground fault interrupter type of overcurrent protection is installed in the power supply circuit (e.g. GFCI).

HOUSEKEEPING

• Because of the nature of the steam facility the risk of fire and injury is increased if materials are not stored in their prescribed locations.

Responsibilities

• Each person is responsible for the housekeeping and maintenance of their assigned work area. No job is complete until the work area has been cleared of debris, scrap, and excess materials associated with the work.
• Shift supervisor (or engineer on duty) is responsible for conducting a visual inspection of the plant for trip hazards at the beginning of each shift

Obstructions

• Walkways, exits, doorways, fire escapes, aisles, stairways and other passageways are kept clear of obstructions. Personnel must be free to travel these areas to perform facility operations and to respond to emergencies.
• Safety Requirements are:
  • EXITS must not be blocked or obstructed by materials, tools, vehicles or fixtures.
  • Fire extinguishers, hose stations, first aid kits, stretchers, wash stations and electrical panels must not be obscured or have access blocked by materials, vehicles, tools or fixtures.
  • NOTE: Do not place anything inside a yellow safety area

Tripping Hazards

• Welding cables, hoses, power cables and extension cord constitute tripping hazards when they are on stairs, across walkways or on open area floors.
• Safety Requirements are:
  • To avoid tripping hazards, each employee must ensure that tools, materials, and/or anything that could cause someone to trip or fall is not left on the floor.
  • Permanent structures that cause a trip hazard will be marked with yellow safety tape or paint.

Waste Material

• The presence of waste materials can create the following problems:
• Combustible waste can be ignited
• Waste material can clog drains
• Trash presents tripping hazards to personnel
• Trash receptacles and waste containers are provided in normal work locations.
• Observance of the following safe work practices reduces safety problems associated with waste material.
• Scrap and recyclable materials are to be placed in containers for disposal.
• Advise facility supervision when containers are needed for special conditions or at unusual locations.
• If a liquid (lubricating oil, paint, solvent, etc.) spill occurs, immediately notify the shift supervisor and commence clean up. Be alert for secondary dangers such as fire, environmental pollution, slips or equipment damage.
• Waste material containers are to be emptied regularly.
• Safety Requirements are:
  • To avoid fire hazards, oily rags and material must be places in approved safety containers provided specifically for this purpose.
  • For fire safety, waste paper and other combustible materials must be deposited in covered receptacles while awaiting disposal. An exception to the requirement is office areas where normal waste receptacles are acceptable.
  • Sharp-edges scrap materials, such as broken glass and metal cuttings, must be carefully place in containers specifically provided for this purpose. A warning sign must be affixed to the container, alerting others to the danger.
  • Food refuse must be placed in covered containers.

Scrap or Reusable Lumber

• When crates or cartons are opened, frequently the nails or staples remain in the wood with the sharp ends exposed. These nails or staple ends can cause puncture wounds to the hands and feet.
• Safety Requirements are:
  • To avoid injuries, nail and staples such as those in disassembling scaffolds, forms, packing boxes and crates must be bent over or removed.
  • When removed, the nails or staples must be properly disposed of in refuse containers.

Sanitary Facilities

• Sanitary facilities are provided for the health, comfort and convenience of steam plant personnel. Sanitary facilities include drinking fountains, washrooms, toilet area, locker rooms, shower room and break room.
• As a mark of respect and regard for other users of the facilities, each individual is responsible for cleaning the areas used and assisting in maintaining a general orderly appearance. If appliance or facilities do not function properly, notify Shift Supervisor.

PORTABLE POWER TOOLS

• Portable power tools are essential to the efficient performance of work in various areas of the facility. However, because of their mobility, such tools and their power supplies require special care to achieve safe performance.

General

• Pneumatic and electric driven portable power tools are equipped with controls that stop the tool when the operator's hand is removed from the controlling valve or switch. This type of control is frequently referred to as the "dead man's switch."
• Safety Requirement is:
  • Tool controls must not be defeated or made inoperable by disconnecting, blocking or taping the control.

Electrical Power Supply

• Setting up and using electrically operated illumination and electrically driven power tools pose potential hazards to users and to other personnel in the area.
• Safety Requirements are:
  • Portable electric tools must meet one of the following requirements:
  • Be equipped with a three-wire cord and have the ground wire permanently connected to the tool frame and the grounded blade of the plug attachment. These tools must only be used from a grounded source.
  • Be of the double-insulated type.
  • Be powered by a self-contained power source (battery).
  • Electric power cords and extension cords must be inspected prior to use and maintained in a safe condition. Worn or frayed cords and broken plugs must be replaced prior to use.
  • Electric power hand tools which are subject to sparking must not be used in areas containing potentially explosive atmospheres.
  • When working inside wet or grounded equipment such as boilers, drums, condensers, tanks, or other damp locations, the operating voltage of electrical equipment must not exceed twelve volts (12V).
  • Note: Portable electrical equipment with a power source above twelve volts (12V) and up to one hundred twenty volts (120V) may be used in wet or grounded locations provided that ground fault interrupter type of overcurrent protection is installed in the power supply circuit (i.e. GFCI).
  • Extension (trouble) lights or light strings must not be energized until a bulb is installed in each socket and a protective guard is in place around each bulb.
  • All metal parts of the lamp cord and attachments must be properly grounded.

Compressed Air Supply

• Setting up or using air driven devices entails four types of risk.
• Unintentional starting or running of the tool. Unintentional starts can cause injury and equipment damage.
• Separation of the wheel, grinder, chipper or impactor from the tool while it is running.
• Flying objects or particles coming from the rotating tool fixture or from the point of work.
• Whipping action of the air supply hose if it is cut or disconnected while pressurized.
• Safety requirements are:
  • Portable, compressed air powered tools must be equipped with a control valve trigger located inside the handle, or guarded to minimize the possibility of accidental operation.
  • The trigger switch must be of the type (dead man) which will stop the tool when the trigger is released.
  • Air driven impact tools must be equipped with a tool retainer to prevent a faulty tool from becoming an airborne projectile.
  • The tool retainer must be the properly manufactured device designed for the tool.
  • Air hoses supplying air powered tools must be positioned or guarded to prevent accidental cutting or disconnecting which could cause the hose to whip dangerously.
  • Air hoses must be attached by couplings designed for hose attachment. A device such as a short length of chain or wire must be attached across couplings to prevent accidental separation.
  • Air supply lines three-quarters inch (3/4') or larger must be protected by an installed excess flow check valve.

GRINDING WHEELS

• Grinding wheels are designed and manufactured to be operated at certain speeds. If operated at greater speeds, it is likely that the wheel will come apart and "fly-to-pieces". Because of the high velocities of such flying pieces, the danger to personnel is very great. The maximum speed in revolutions per minute (RPM) is normally printed on the wheel.
• To reduce the danger of flying particles and to minimize the probability of items getting "caught in" a rotating grinding wheel, safety guards are mounted on grinders.
• Grinding wheels should not be used without a guard mounted over the wheel, unless the entire grinding operation will be inside the work, such as in pipes or cylinders.
• Safety guards for bench and floor stands must not leave more than 90 degrees, or one-quarter (1/4), of the grinding wheel exposed. The exposed portion must not begin any higher than 65 degrees above the horizontal centerline of the wheel.
• Safety guards for cylindrical grinding machines must not leave any more than 180 degrees, or one-half (1/2), of the wheel exposed. The exposed portion must not begin any higher than 65 degrees above the horizontal centerline of the wheel.
• The rated speed of grinding wheels must always be greater than the maximum operating speed of the tool.
• If a grinding wheel is cracked it is very likely that the wheel may come apart when being used at high speeds. Cracks may occur during the manufacturing process or be caused by dropping the wheel. Cracks in the grinding wheel may be on the surface (visible) or in the wheel (invisible).
• Grinding wheel guards should be adjusted such that just enough wheel surface is exposed to do the grinding.
• Grinding wheels should be given a visual inspection and a "ring" test before they are mounted on the grinder. The visual inspection is to look for surface cracks. If surface cracks are found, mark the crack and return the wheel to the tool room.
• The "ring" test is to detect internal (invisible) cracks. To perform the ring test hold the grinding wheel and tap it gently with the handle of a screwdriver. the four (4) tap points should be between one inch (1") and two inches (2") from the edge.
• The wheel should give a clear metallic ring when tapped.
• If the wheel gives a "dead" sound, rather than a clear ring, it is cracked or damaged and is not to be used. Return the wheel to the tool room.
• Allow the grinding machine to reach maximum speed before beginning work operation.
• Safety Requirements are:
  • Grinding wheels must be inspected before mounting or using.
  • Do not use a cracked or damaged grinding wheel. Return the cracked or damaged wheel to the tool room.
  • Before mounting a grinding wheel on a grinder, it must be verified that the design speed of the grinding wheel is greater than the maximum speed of the grinder.
  • If the maximum speed (RPM) of the wheel is not visible, the wheel must be marked "defective" and returned to the tool room.

COMPRESSED GAS CYLINDERS

• Several types of compressed gases are used at the steam facility. Some gases (nitric oxide, oxygen, nitrogen balance) are used for operations; other (oxygen, acetylene) are used for maintenance, and carbon dioxide is used for fire protection.
• Compressed gas cylinders present three types of danger: (1) escaping high pressure (up to 3,000 psi) gas can cause injury, (2) pressurized gas cylinders can become projectiles if not secured and if the valve is opened or damaged, and (3) if the gas escapes it may be toxic, flammable, or cause oxygen deficiency in confined areas.
• The dangers and potential consequences of accidents involving compressed gases require particular care when handling, using, changing or storing compressed gas cylinders.
• To reduce the risk of accidents associated with gas cylinders a number of devices, safe work practices and warnings are employed. Some of these devices, work practices and signs are described in the following paragraphs.

Gas Leaks

• Leakage from compressed gas cylinder connection or pressurized systems can contribute to all three types of danger cited at the beginning of this subsection.
• For these reasons, precautions need to be taken to prevent leaks from cylinders or connections.
• Valves and fittings on compressed gas cylinders are inspected for leaks when connected to, or disconnected from, manifolds, hoses or equipment. The leak tests are performed by soap film testing.
• Close the gas cylinder valve before attempting to repair hose or connection leaks.
• Hose lines are not repaired with tape.
• Wire or tape is not used for clamping the hose to the nipple.
• Gas cylinders with leaking connections that cannot be stopped must be removed from the job, discharged in a safe, open location, and tagged as defective.

Uncontrolled Gas Release

• Compressed gas cylinders have a valve and connection at the top of the cylinder. When the cylinder is not being used the connection is covered by a heavy, metal protective cap that is threaded onto the cylinder. If the protective cap is not in place and the connection valve gets sheared off, the gas will be uncontrollably released. Such a situation could cause fire, explosion, toxic atmosphere or high velocity gas impact. If the connection gets sheared off and the cylinder is not securely fastened in place, the same dangers occur with the additional hazard of the cylinder itself becoming a "jet propelled missile".
• When a gas cylinder is not in use, the cylinder valve is closed and the protective cap installed.
• Before disconnecting or moving a gas cylinder, the cylinder valve is tightly closed and the protective cap installed.
• When being transported, in use, awaiting use or in storage, gas cylinders are in the vertical position chained in the racks located by the CEMS cylinders.
• When cylinders are moved, they are mounted on trucks or carts specifically provided for this purpose. The cylinders are to be strapped or clamped to the truck or cart.
• When moving cylinders, the protective cap is to be installed. In addition, take special precautions to prevent the cylinders from being knocked over or dropped.
• When cylinders must be handled by a hoisting device, they shall be slung in a substantial cradle and extreme care exercised to prevent dropping them.

Gas Cylinder Use

• When gas is being used from compressed gas cylinders the safe work practices described in the following paragraphs reduce the likelihood of an accident.
• Because it is important to accurately display the gas pressure being supplied to a system, operation (such as welding) or to an item of equipment, promptly replace broken or missing pressure gauge lenses.
• When gas cylinders are in use the protective cap is removed. To prevent an uncontrolled release of the gas by damage to the cylinder valve, regulator, or pressure gauge, assure that cylinder regulators, pressure gauges and valves are well protected.
• When in use the cylinders are in an upright position, so placed and secured that they will not be knocked over by passing vehicles (such as forklift trucks) or personnel or be impacted by falling objects.

Gas Cylinders Storage

• Gas cylinders are to be stored in the vertical, valve-end-up position at all times and will be adequately secured (usually with a chain) so as to avoid accidentally being knocked over.
• The procedure for exchanging CEMS cylinders is as follows:
• Put on leather gloves and goggles
• Close cylinder valve by turning in the direction depicted on the handle
• Unscrew the lock nut (NOT the check valve)
• Replace cylinders and re-secure
• Tighten lock nut and open cylinder valve
• Apply soap to connections to check for leaks
• Re-set CEMS and Computer

EQUIPMENT ISOLATION (LOCKOUT/TAGOUT)

• When repairs or adjustments are being performed on installed equipment, it is frequently essential that special actions be taken to protect the personnel doing the work. The dangers inherent in working on industrial equipment are flooding, scalding, high pressure fluid impact, electrical shock, mechanical impact, chemical contact or insufficient oxygen.
• To protect personnel from these hazards, special preparation is required before work is initiated on equipment that may be inadvertently or intentionally moved, energized, flooded, pressurized or started by other personnel or by automatic devices.
• The special preparations is commonly referred to as Lockout/Tagout (LO/TO).
• The following subsections summarize the purpose and method of isolating equipment for personal safety using the Lockout/Tagout procedure.
• In no other aspect of Department operations is it more important to realize that each individual is responsible for the safety of others. Each person who is doing the work, must assure themselves that their fellow workers are protected. The success of the safe control of hazardous energy depends on the mutual trust and integrity of those involved.

Lockout

• As part of the planning for equipment inspection, repair or adjustment, it is predetermined whether the equipment must be isolated.
• Isolation may include the following types of actions:
• Electrical Isolation - Electrical isolation is de-energizing electrical circuits or equipment by opening electrical switches, controls, circuit breakers, or disconnect switches. Electrical isolation can also be achieved by lifting leads, by removing or "racking out" circuit breakers or by disconnection of wires, cables or connectors. If electrical grounds are required, they are applied by the Physical Facilities Department electrical shop.
• Mechanical Isolation - Mechanical isolation of equipment, piping, or systems containing fluids (water, hydraulic, steam, gas, etc.) is achieved by closing valves, opening drain valves, opening vent valves, or blocking dampers or access covers in the open position. Mechanical isolation may also be used to protect personnel from stored energy as in compressed springs or elevated weights. Protection can be achieved by removing the stored energy (relieve spring tension, drain tanks, or remove weights).
• NOTE: You cannot rely on TAGOUT means of protection if the equipment/process can be LOCKED OUT

Tagout

• To assure that the equipment being worked on remains de-energized and/or isolated, each device or control that is positioned in accordance with the Lockout/Tagout SOP is identified by the placement of a DANGER Tag.
• CAREFUL: Tagout does no provide the same physical protection as Lockout.
• The DANGER Tags represent the primary protection of the personnel performing work on facility equipment. It is a mandatory responsibility of each individual to regard the presence of a DANGER Tag as a sacred trust.
• The distinguishing features of a DANGER Tag are:
  • The tag is made of white, heavy plastic.
  • The word DANGER is in white letters within a red oval surrounded by a black rectangle.
  • The words "MEN WORKING ON THIS EQUIPMENT" or "DO NOT OPERATE" are printed in black on the tag.
  • Each type of Danger Tag is illustrated and described on the following page.
• The types of DANGER Tags are:
  • Master Tag - The Master Tag contains tagout information and may include a list of Sub Tags. The Master Tag is hung on the principal isolation point. Each piece of equipment (e.g. boiler) and process will be assessed to develop a written LOCKOUT/TAGOUT procedure that must be followed whenever servicing that piece of equipment. This procedure will be maintained on the wall outside the Control Room.
  • Sub Tag - Sub Tags are considered an extension of the Master Tag and have the same protection authority. Sub Tags are hung on subsidiary isolation points.
• Equipment Isolation is established for personnel protection and the prevention of damage to equipment (valves, circuit breakers, switches, etc.) that is positioned (opened or closed) to stop the flow or movement of energy (electricity, water, steam, air, etc.).

Bypassing Protective Devices

• The bypass or over-ride of protective devices is performed only with the approval/direction of the Steam Plant Manager or Assistant Manager and the action logged.

CONFINED SPACE

• Before an employee enters a confined space, he must be issued a confined space entry permit by the Building Maintenance Safety Coordinator.
• An Attendant must maintain constant communication with the worker at all times while inside the confined space. This attendant must know the location of the nearest telephone, safety shower, fire extinguisher, fire alarm pull box, evacuation route and must know how to shut down any equipment associated with the new job. Under no circumstances will the Attendant attempt rescue.
• A new entry permit is required at the beginning of each new shift and if any changes are to be made in the type of work (e.g. welding) that has been specified by the permit.
• All Steam Plant personnel will be familiar and trained in the procedures contained in PFD Standard Operating Procedure 16.10 CONFINED SPACE

ELECTRICAL SAFETY

• When working with electrical currents the appropriate approval must be received before the work is performed:
• The approval of the Immediate Supervisor must be obtained if the voltage of energized equipment is between 60 and 130 volts.
• The approval of the Steam Plant Manager must be obtained if the voltage of the energized equipment is above 130 volts.
• Once approval is received to work on a circuit breaker with voltage above 130 volts the work must be performed only under close supervision.
• Prior to each use, insulated rubber gloves must be checked by the roll test (i.e., spin the glove, trap air in the fingers, squeeze the wrist end to observe that the glove holds air like balloon, hence, no tears, holes or slashes) and visually inspected. Use of the gloves is determined by the following criteria:
• Rubber gloves that have evidence of holes, tears or worn areas must not be used.
• If it is suspected that the insulated rubber gloves may have been punctured, cut, or are unsatisfactory for any reason, they must be removed from service and subjected to the dielectric test.
• Insulated rubber gloves must not be used without leather protectors specifically furnished for this purpose.
• Training: Work on energized or potentially energized equipment is unforgiving to persons not aware of the dangers.
• Safety Requirement is:
  • Before work is undertaken on equipment using or carrying electricity, the assigned persons must have had suitable training and experience. Alternatively, the work must be performed under close supervision.

RIGGING AND HOISTING

• It is a frequent circumstance that materials, tools, and equipment must be lifted, carried and lowered in order to accomplish steam facility functions. There are inherent dangers associated with these operations. If the load shifts, swings, or is dropped, the likelihood of injury to nearby persons is very high. Many "lifts" are routine and special cables and arrangements are provided to minimize the probability of problems with the load. However, some "lifts" are unique and must be performed with unusual constraints of space and equipment.
• General: The following safe work practices minimize the dangers associated with lifting or moving items above the ground or floor levels.
• Heavy loads should not be started or stopped suddenly. Such action may more than double the strain of the lifting rig. The resulting strain can cause cables to part, hooks to open, or shackles to fracture.
• When the load is properly slung, the operator should "float" the load. "Floating" the load is to lift the just clear of the ground or support to check the rigging arrangement for stability and to verify that all bolts, fasteners, holddowns or other restraints to lifting are no longer connected to the load.
• One person should be designed as a signal person to direct the crane operator during major lifts or when the operator does not have a complete view of the load.
• The following standard CRANE SIGNALS are used by the signal person to direct movement of the load. The signals and their meanings should be reviewed between the hoist operator and the signal person prior to making a lift.
• Tag lines are used to control loads to keep the load from rotating or swinging. Persons tending tag lines should stay clear of the moving load.
• Caution must be used when working near cables or ropes under tension. If a cable or rope parts while under tension the subsequent "whipping action" can result in severe injury to persons in the path of the parted line. No one should be within an angle formed by the rope or cable under tension.
• To keep the sling eyes or rope from slipping off the hook in case the load is momentarily slackened, safety latched are normally installed on hooks.
• Chain hoists, derricks, cranes, and other hoisting equipment are inspected at regular intervals.
• Safety Requirements are:
  • Mobile cranes, bridge cranes, or derricks must be operated only by trained and authorized personnel.
  • Defective hoisting equipment must be immediately tagged as unsafe and not used until it has been repaired, inspected, and declared safe to use.
  • An individual must not stand, walk or place any part of the body under a load that is being suspended, hoisted, transported or lowered.
  • Portable chain falls and block and tackle hoists are frequently hung from a hook, eyebolt, frame or beam. It must be verified that the hook, eyebolt, frame or beam has sufficient strength to hold the load.
  • The assigned signal person must not order the load to be moved until all persons are clear of the path of the move and no one is in the area under the load.

Mobile cranes

• The use of mobile cranes poses dangers in addition to those associated with fixed hoists. The additional dangers include upset, load movement (swinging) while the crane is moving, obstructions (including energized power lines) to boom movement, and potholes or soft spots (mudholes) in the path of the crane.
• Safety Requirements are:
  • When required by load charts, outriggers must be used on mobile equipment.
  • Outriggers must be on a firm, hard surface, or sufficiently cribbed to prevent collapse of the support surface.
  • When operating mobile cranes near energized lines, the boom, cables, and load must not come closer than ten feet (10') to unprotected conductors
  • Only the operator is permitted to ride on a mobile crane.

Rigging

• Rigging is the arrangement of hooks, shackles, slings, blocks, ropes, and braces, used to lift and stabilize loads prior to, during, and after a load movement.
• Chain slings are not used for general purpose rigging and are reserved for special applications.
• Chain hoists or chain falls are frequently used; for short lifts, to raise or lower a load very carefully, to hold a load briefly, or to adjust the angle of a load.
• A dropped load, damage to rigging or hoisting equipment or impact by a moving load are dangers associated with improper rigging or poorly executed hoisting operations.
• Most major lifts of heavy equipment use special fixtures and slings designed for the item.
• Moving bundles of pipe, tubing, reinforcing bar or planks are typical assignments in a steam facility. The risk of using a single sling (choker) is that the load may tilt due to imbalance or bumping an object. When the single sling load tilts, individual items or the entire load may fall on personnel or equipment.
• Persons assigned to person rigging operations are to receive training in the proper use of knots, ties, and hitches.
• Individuals performing rigging tasks are to be familiar with safe working loads for cables, ropes, slings, and fittings along with proper methods for hooking, arranging, and testing the same.
• If any doubt exists concerning the adequacy of the sling strength, cable size, or arrangement for a particular lift, do not proceed. Consult with the supervisor in charge.
• Before "taking a strain" on wire rope or cable, check that there are no kinks or "eyes" in the lines or slings.
• Pre-formed eye loops are preferred to field assembled loops on wire cables. When field assembled loops are made, at least three (3) U-bolt clips are to be used. As shown below, the base of the clip bears on the pulling side of the loop.
• When two (2) or more slings are used to lift a load, the eyes of the slings should be shackled together. The shackle is then place on the hook. This practice prevents an eye of a sling from slipping off the hook, dumping the load.
• Care must be exercised that cables, slings, chain falls, shackles hooks and other hoisting equipment is not unduly stressed by improper use. The signs of undue stress may be flattening of the cables or "pinging" when individual wire strands breaks. Distortion of hooks or shackles is evidence of excessive stress or misuse.
• Safety Requirements are:
  • Leather gloves must always be used when landing wire ropes or slings.
  • All wire ropes, cables, slings, fiber rope, etc. must be inspected prior to each use. When evidence of wear, broken strands, overstress or kinks are found, safe use is questionable and the item must be returned to the tool room for evaluation.

LADDERS AND SCAFFOLDS

• There are many instances in the performance of facility tasks when it is necessary to use ladders or scaffolds to gain access to the work location. Because of the frequency of ladder and scaffold use, the inherent dangers associated with working above ground or floor level, and the risk of severe injury associated with falling accidents, safety requirements and safe work practices have been developed.

Ladders

• Ladders are the most frequently used means of access to elevated work. Ladders are frequently used to reach areas below floor level such as silos and tank bottoms.
• Adhering to the following safe work practices will significantly reduce the risk of injury when working from ladders.
• Extended reaching on ladders should be avoided. Never reach so that the center of the body at the waist extends past the side rail of the ladder. If necessary to reach the work, move the ladder to a more accessible location.
• Wood or fiberglass ladders can be weakened if stored for long periods in areas subjected to excessive heat, moisture, or direct sunlight.
• Wood or fiberglass ladders should be coated only with suitable, clear protective finishes. Paints that can hide defects are not to be used as ladder finishes.
• When ascending or descending a ladder, always face the ladder and use both hands for climbing. Do not skip steps or rungs while climbing or descending.
• Footwear should be substantial and free of grease, mud, or other slippery substances while climbing or descending the ladder.
• Ladders should not be used in a horizontal position as a substitute for runways or scaffolds.
• The type of ladder (straight, extension, step) used for a task should be selected on the basis of the work to be performed. Considerations for ladder selection include, height, type of work to be performed, and the work location.
• Step ladders should not be climbed higher than the second tread from the top unless the ladder is specifically designed with a top platform for this purpose and rails are provided.
• The following safe work practices apply to extension ladders and/or straight ladders:
  • When working for a period of time from an extension ladder or straight ladder tie the upper portion of the ladder to a beam, pipe, hanger or other secure fixture. The same safe work practice can be used when a ladder is used repeatedly in the same location. Have another person hold an extension ladder in place until it is properly secured.
  • Place the base of an extension or straight ladder one-quarter (1/4) of its approximate length from a wall or support.
  • Place the feet of extension and straight ladders on a flat, firm surface.
  • Straight or extension ladders are not climbed higher than the third rung from the top.
  • To prevent the collapse of extension ladders, the minimum overlap of section must be: three feet (3’) on ladder up to thirty-eight feet (38’) in length and four feet (4’) on ladders with a length of forty-four feet (44').
  • Extension ladders must always extend a minimum of three feet (3') above the supporting surface when used for access to a flat surface.
• Safety Requirements are:
  • Ladders must be inspected for structural weakness before each use. Damaged ladders shall be repaired, or destroyed if beyond repair. If a ladder has fallen or has been struck, it must be carefully examined for damage before being reused.
  • Portable metal ladders must be used only for special purposes, such as working inside boilers. Special authorization from Steam Plant Manager must be obtained before using metal ladders for other purposes.
  • Ladders being used near doors or in passageways must be protected against being struck by the door or traffic.
  • All portable ladders must be equipped with suitable safety feet.
  • Step ladders must be fully opened while being used.
  • When an extension ladder cannot be secured by tying it to a beam, pipe or fixture and when the ladder cannot be laced against a solid, flat surface another individual must be assigned to stabilize the ladder.
  • Ladders must never be placed on boxes, barrels, or other unstable supports to obtain additional height.

Scaffolds

• Scaffolds are semi-permanent work platforms used to gain access to elevated work.
• Scaffolding is a custom erected structure of wood or assembled metal.
• Erecting, working from, and dismantling scaffolds present the risk of falling, and the risk of dropped objects. To keep the risks to acceptable levels, Safety Requirements and OSHA standards for scaffolds have been developed.
• Only skilled, trained personnel erect or dismantle scaffolds.
• When erection of a scaffold is complete, it is inspected by a Supervisor. The inspecting Supervisor is responsible to insure that the scaffold was erected in a safe, stable manner in compliance with the Safety Requirements.
• The working surface of scaffolding is normally wood planks laid across supports. To assure a safe work platform the size of planks, overlap of two planks and plank overhang is specified in the Safety Requirements. The amount of plank that extends beyond the support is the overhang. This spacing is critical. Less than six inches (6") of overhang permits the planking to easily slip from the support. More than twelve inches (12") of overhang will "upend" the plank if a person should stand on the overhang.
• Plywood is not to be used on the construction of scaffolds.
• Scaffolds should rest on a solid foundation and be secured against slipping. Barrels, boxes, piles of brick, stone, or other unstable materials are not suitable to support a scaffold.
• As shown in the previous diagrams, sufficient diagonal and horizontal bracing are needed to prevent swaying, spreading, slipping, or other distortion of the scaffold.
• To keep the scaffold stable, suitable tie-ins need to be made to the building, structure, or equipment against which the scaffold is erected.
• Safety Requirements are:
  • Scaffolds and their supports must be capable of supporting the load they are designed to carry by a factor of at least four (4). When calculating the intended load, the following elements must be considered:
  • The weight of the personnel
  • The weight of the tools, supplies and fixtures to perform the work
  • Equipment which will be supported if it is removed from the installed position onto the scaffold
  • All planking used for scaffolds must be a minimum of 2" x 9."
  • Scaffold planking must be overlapped a minimum of twelve (12") and be firmly secured to prevent movement.
  • Scaffold planking must extend (overhang) over the supports not less than six (6") or more than twelve inches (12").
  • Scaffolds four feet (4') or more above the ground or floor must be provided with handrails not less then forty-two (42") or more than forty-eight inches (48") above the platform and capable of withstanding two hundred pounds (200 lbs.) of side pressure.
  • Scaffold toeboards, not less than four inches (4") in height, must be provided on scaffolds more than ten feet (10') above the floor or ground.
  • The scaffold must be inspected by a Supervisor prior to use.
  • Persons working from suspended or swinging scaffolds must wear a standard safety harness connected to an independently mounted life line.
  • The life line must be securely fastened to the structure and be independent of the scaffold.
  • The safety harness must be attached to the life line with the shortest practical attachment rope or lanyard to the structure.

Welding/Cutting

• Welding and/or cutting is occasionally performed in an elevated position. Additional risk is created by the possibility of a weld strike being made on a metal support cable or a cutting torch flame inadvertently weakening or cutting a rope or cable.
• Safety Requirement is:
  • Care must be taken when welding or cutting from suspended chairs, platforms, or scaffolds to prevent torches, stingers or welding sparks from damaging the suspension cables.

Fall Protection

• Because of the inherent danger of falling from elevated work locations, backup protection is prudent in addition to the previous Safety Requirements.
• A full-body safety harness is required to be worn when working from a suspended or swinging scaffold.
• A safety harness must be utilized when working in elevated areas [over six feet (6')] when standard handrailing, ladder, or scaffold is not possible because of the nature of the work.
• The safety harness must be either attached directly to the life line or attached to the life line by the shortest possible tailrope.
• The life line must be independently and securely fastened to a secure structure, other than the scaffold. A body harness and designated ladder ascending/descending mechanism must be worn when going up/down the ladder on the main stack.

MACHINE GUARDS

• Fixed and portable machine tools are essential to the performance of repairs, surface preparation and machine work in a steam facility. Most machine tools involve rotating parts. Rotating parts have the potential for inflicting injury in the following ways; abrasion, flying chips, gouging, cutting, and high velocity parts from disintegrating grinding wheels. Rotating tools can catch and damage clothing, rings, hair and extremities.
• To avoid the dangers, the following Safety Requirements and safe work practices are to be followed when working with or around machine tools.

Grinding Wheels

• Grinders are used to remove weld materials, rust, paint, and excess material. Grinders are also used to sharpen tools, shape parts and smooth edges.
• Bench grinders are equipped with a work rest which is to be adjusted to within one-eighth inch (1/8") of the wheel at all times.
• Grinders are equipped with a tongue guard (an adjustable metal guard extending down from the top of the fixed grinder) which is to be adjusted to within 1/4" of the grinding wheel at all times.
• Fixed grinders are equipped with a ventilation dust collection system.
• Grinding wheels may be changed or installed only be persons trained in this work.
• When starting a grinding wheel, stand to one side, out of the line of flying particles which would result in the event the wheel breaks.
• Do not grind on the side of the wheel, except when using grinders equipped with cup wheels specifically designed for this purpose.
• Safety Requirements are:
  • Safety goggles or safety glasses with full side shields must be worn when operating a grinding wheel.
  • In addition to safety goggles or glasses, a face shield or permanently mounted transparent grinder shield must be utilized when operating a grinder.
  • The work rest must not be adjusted while the grinding wheel is in motion.
  • New grinding wheels must be individually inspected and given a "ring" test before the wheel is mounted.
  • Pressure absorbing blotters must be used under the wheel flanges. Avoid over-tightening the hold-on nut.
  • When changing the grinding wheel, it is necessary to make sure that the maximum speed of the grinder spindle does not exceed the rated speed of the wheel.

Wire Wheels

• Wire wheels are used on grinders to remove paint, rust or scale or to polish metal. A special danger of wire wheels is the projectile hazard of bits of the wire breaking and being flung outward by the spinning wheel.
• Safety Requirements are:
  • Grinders equipped with a wire wheel must not be equipped with a work rest that could cause the material to wedge between the wire wheel and the rest.
  • Safety goggles, a face shield and long sleeve shirts fully closed to the neck must be worn when working with wire wheels.

Machine Tools

• Machine tools include shapers, punches, lathes, drill presses and shears. Any of these tools are capable of inflicting injury to an unskilled or unwary operator or attendant.
• Safety Requirements are:
  • Machine tools must be operated only by personnel qualifies for their use.
  • Material worked in lathes, drill presses, and similar equipment must be firmly secured before starting work.
  • After performing repairs on machine tools, all guards and safety devices must be properly replaced.
  • Machine tools must not be operated when safety guards and screens are removed from power drives, such as belts, gears, and pulleys.
  • Safety goggles are required when operating machinery where the by-product results in turnings, shavings, dust or chips.

MATERIALS HANDLING

• Materials handling is the transportation of parts, tools, supplies, stores and other materials from one location to another.
• Materials handling activities occur in all areas of the steam facility, including offices, shops, and repair sites.
• Safety Requirements are:
  • No attempt must be made to move or lift material when the weight or shape renders the lift awkward or unusually difficult. In such situations, mechanized equipment, (such as a forklift, hand truck, crane, jack, etc.) must be used.
  • When two (2) or more employees are lifting or pulling together, one person must be designated to give commands on a predetermined signal.
  • When long pipes, conduit sections, reinforcing rods and other lengthy materials are being carried in areas with blind corners, the load must be handled by two (2) people.
  • Special care must be taken to ensure that metals that can conduct electricity (piping, tools, conduit, etc.) do not contact energized electrical wiring or equipment while being moved.

Forklift Trucks

• Forklift trucks are a particular type of motorized lifting device that present unique, but potentially serious dangers when operating in enclosed spaces as they often are.
• Only persons qualified and assigned by a Supervisor are permitted to operate forklift trucks.
• The forklift driver is the only person permitted to ride on a lift truck.
• Forklift trucks are to be operated cautiously at speeds that are safe for existing conditions. A forklift carrying a load on a pallet is particularly susceptible to accidents when required to make sudden turns or stops. Dropped loads or an upset forklift is the frequent result of such actions.
• Approach blind corners, doors, and intersections cautiously and blow the horn to warn others of the proximity of the loaded forklift truck.
• When ascending or descending ramps, the truck must be operated so that the load is "upgrade" of the main body of the vehicle.
• A forklift truck is occasionally used as a temporary work platform. When such use is needed, the following special safe work practices apply.
• Employees may not be lifted on a forklift truck unless it is equipped with a platform that is provided with handrails and toeboards. The platform must be securely fastened to the forks.
• No one may work from the platform on the forklift truck unless an operator is in the operating position of the platform contains the lifting and lowering controls.
• Safety Requirements are:
  • Loads must be picked up near the center of their weight.
  • Loose material must be secured to prevent shifting or toppling while in motion.
  • When not in use, the forks/platform must be in the lowered position.
  • When used as a temporary work platform the specially equipped platform must be securely fastened to the forks of the truck.

COAL/ASH HANDLING

• Coal and ash handling are major operations associated with the fueling of the facilities. Coal and ash handling apply to all steam facilities. Bulk materials such as coal and ash represent several types of danger to personnel. These dangers are due to the composition and form of the material and the equipment used to accomplish bulk material handling.
• Because bulk material handling is carried out in daylight, darkness, and all types of weather, the following Safety Requirements and safe work practices are essential to maintaining dangers to an acceptable level.

Dust Protection

• Several of the areas and operations associated with handling or processing of coal and ash generate airborne dust. Airborne dust endangers the eyes and breathing tract.
• Safety Requirements are:
  • Safety goggles must be worn in areas, or when performing operations, involving visible airborne coal dust or ash.
  • A mechanical filter type respirator must be worn in areas, or when performing operations, involving visible airborne coal or ash dust.

Conveyors

• Moving conveyor belts have inherent dangers. Cleaning and servicing work that requires personnel or tools to be on or near running parts of the conveyor, could result in an entanglement or "caught in" type accident.
• Personnel will be notified via intercom when a conveyor is going to be turned on. When they hear the warning, personnel who operate, work around, or work on, conveyor equipment are to get clear of the conveyor belt.
• Personnel are to remain clear of the conveyor belts while they are running.
• An emergency "stop" trip pull is installed in the vicinity of conveyor belt. This emergency switch is used to stop the conveyor belt when trouble develops.
• The emergency stop switches or trip pulls are not used as the only electrical/mechanical isolation point while performing work on the conveyor equipment.
• Safety Requirements are:
  • Personnel must not walk on, climb over, work on, use shovels, scrapers, or other tools on, close to, or under, moving parts of a conveyer unless the conveyer has been properly stopped, de-energized, and the power source and controls blocked open and safety tagged.
  • If there is more than three feet (3') of clearance under the conveyer belt, shovels, scrapers and other cleaning equipment can be cautiously used while the system is operating.
  • If emergency switches become inoperable, they must be promptly reported for repair.

Coal Bunkers

• Coal Bunkers are large tanks that store coal prior to being loaded into the boilers. Work in or around coal bunkers entails the risk of coal dust accumulation, carbon monoxide concentration and oxygen deficiency.
• If a person should enter a bunker, hopper or storage area containing coal or fly ash, there is danger of the individual sinking into the material. Such a situation could result in suffocation by compression of the lungs or by immersion.
• Certain combinations of oxygen and airborne coal dust can be ignited, resulting in either flash fires or explosions.
• When working in a coal bunker, temporary support (scaffold, ladder, etc.) is normally needed, hence the Safety Requirements for these apply.
• Safety Requirements are:
  • Persons must not enter a coal bunker until it is free of coal.
  • Before entry, the coal bunker must be tested to ensure that the amount of combustibles or toxic gas present is within the limits for confined spaces. The test must also confirm that there is sufficient oxygen present to sustain life.
  • Air lines used to "blow down" coal bunkers must be the non-sparking type, or the metal parts must be bonded (i.e. connected by ground wires) to prevent static sparks.
  • Coal bunker inspection openings must be kept closed, except during actual inspections.
  • The ventilating/dust collecting system must be operating at all times when coal is present in the bunkers.
  • The fire doors leading to the boiler area shall be kept closed to prevent the negative atmosphere of the boiler room from disrupting the air flow balance of the ventilating/dust collecting system.

Hearing Protection

• There may be locations (conveyors, adjacent to boilers) in the coal handling areas where the noise levels require the use of hearing protection.
• Such areas may be identified by signs.
• Safety Requirement is:
  • Hearing protection must be worn is areas posted as noise or hearing hazard areas.

Cleaning with Air

• One of the primary methods for controlling coal dust accumulation is the frequent and thorough cleaning of coal handling areas by water hose sprays. Water sprays are more effective and safer than using compressed air. If compressed air was used the suspended dust could create a potential explosive atmosphere. Compressed air may be used to assist the movement of material only "within" a coal transport system.
• Safety Requirement is: Compressed air is not to be used to blow coal in open areas.

Electrical Equipment

• The movement of coal, even with the proper operation of ventilating and dust controlling equipment created a minimum airborne dust load in the coal handling areas.
• Safety Requirements are:
  • When coaling operations are in progress, electrical equipment used in the coal handling areas must be of the non-sparking, explosion-proof type. This restriction includes portable lamps, drills, grinders, test equipment and electric cords.
  • Lights (fixed and portable) in coal handling areas must have a dust-proof outer globe in place.

WELDING/CUTTING

• Welding and cutting are essential operations associated with many repair or modification tasks. The nature of these operations involve molten metal, high intensity electric arcs, open flames, combustible gases and high energy welding machines. These characteristics entail several types of danger to the person performing the welding and cutting as well as persons in the vicinity of or below the work location.
• Special precautions must be taken to prevent reflective radiation from injuring other workers in the immediate area. For welding and cutting in the facility the precaution consists of erecting a shield to block ultra violet rays. In the welding shop, in addition to eye screen, warnings are conspicuously placed.
• Welding and cutting in any area other than a designated welding shop requires a welding, cutting and burning permit. The permit assures that the proper preplanning and precautions have been taken. Precautions included area inspection, proximity of combustibles, spark and slag paths, location of fire extinguishers and fire watch assignment.
• Precautions must be taken to prevent the fumes of welding from crossing the breathing zone of the welder and other workers in the immediate area. Ventilation must come from a direction that does not flow across the work before entering the employee's breathing zone. When it is impossible to maintain this ventilation requirement, respiratory protection suitable for the hazard must be utilized.
• Certain oxyacetylene equipment must be approved.
• Safety Requirements are:
  • The use, or preparation for use, of oxyacetylene or electric arc welding equipment must be restricted to properly trained personnel.
  • Individuals performing cutting or welding, and persons assisting in cutting or welding, must use necessary personal protective equipment.
  • Welding shields must be set up around all operations that are not completely contained, such as in a tank or boiler.
  • No welding or cutting operations may be performed without taking the fire control measures required by the Cutting and Welding permit.
  • Welding and cutting operations are not performed in areas subject to air-borne coal dust or explosive gases until these fuel sources have been properly isolated, the area ventilated, and the atmosphere tested and verified to be free of explosive condition.
  • When oxyacetylene equipment is not in use, all tank supply valves must be shut and pressure relieved from the rest of the system.
  • Oxyacetylene bottles must be properly secured either in portable welding carts or securely fastened to the building structure to prevent them from being accidentally knocked over.
  • Acetylene pressure over fifteen pounds per square inch (15 psi) must never be used.
  • Oxyacetylene hoses and arc welding cables must be located and marked to minimize interference to foot traffic or creation of tripping hazards. When practicable, hoses and cables must be suspended overhead or fastened along the lower portion of handrails. In large open areas, such as in the turbine room, temporary wood supports or channels may be used to protect the cables and eliminate tripping risk.
  • Hoses and cables crossing passages or walkways must be placed under channels or strung overhead.
  • Hoses and cable must not block doors (either open or closed).
  • Hoses and cables must be protected from being cut, crushed, or damages by vehicles, machines or vibration.
  • Electric arc welding machines must be properly grounded. Grounding includes both the he primary and secondary sides of the welding equipment.
  • No exposed conductor, including the primary or secondary conductor, is permitted.
  • Prior to cutting/welding, precautions must be taken to prevent sparks from falls through gratings or onto combustibles.
  • Flame torches must be ignited by spark ignitors, not matches.
  • Flame torches are used only for cutting, welding and heating. They must not be used for lighting cigarettes or cooking.
  • Oxygen or acetylene gas must not be used to blow dirt or debris from the work area or from clothing.